Methodology
How the caffeine study works
By Paul Tanswell · Data checked 2026-10-02
This page sits behind the caffeine study and the espresso page. It lists all 443 servings in the dataset, says which ones went into a figure and why the others did not, and cites all 23 sources.
Which sources count
Sources rank in this order, highest first, and a higher tier beats a lower one:
- Systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
- Regulator opinions (EFSA, FDA, Health Canada).
- Peer-reviewed lab measurements of real drinks.
- Government food databases (USDA FoodData Central).
- Manufacturer and chain published figures, labelled "declared".
Blogs, caffeine calculators and aggregator sites are never used, not even to fill a gap. Search results were used only to find a paper or a maker's own page; every number was read from that primary document.
The pooling rule
Only lab-measured single servings with a known volume go into a pooled figure. Drinks compared by cup size are scaled to the cup size shown for that drink: caffeine in mg, divided by the serving in ml, times the display serving in ml. Where a source printed a concentration in mg per litre, the serving is 1,000 ml (33.8 fl oz) in that formula. Drinks compared as bought are pooled as served, with no scaling. Scaled to a cup size: Brewed (drip) coffee; Cold brew; Instant coffee; Decaf, brewed. As served: Espresso, single shot; Espresso, double shot; Latte (one or two shots).
The headline figure is the median, with the mean printed beside it; both are rounded to the nearest mg. A drink gets a headline only with at least 20 servings from at least 2 separate studies. One drink clears that bar today: Espresso, single shot.
Volumes appear in ml and fl oz everywhere. Fluid ounces are computed from ml at 29.5735 ml per US fl oz and never typed in by hand.
Judgement calls, in the open
- Brewed coffee has no pooled headline yet. Only 14 lab-measured filter coffees met the pooling rule, all bought in UK cafes and shops for the UK Food Standards Agency's 2004 survey. That is one study, short of the 20 servings from 2 studies the rule requires. The cup page therefore leads with USDA's reference figure for brewed coffee: 40 mg per 100 g, which is 94.8 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), from FoodData Central record 171890. The 14 measured cups appear beside it as a range, 21 to 208 mg at that cup size. McCusker, Goldberger and Cone (2003) measured brewed coffee bought in US coffee shops, but the paper is closed access and we could read only its abstract; its table is the most likely route to a second brewed study.
- The espresso pool comes from one research group. The 124 single espressos (median 108 mg, range 51 to 322 mg) come from two papers: 20 from Crozier and colleagues (2012) and 104 from Ludwig and colleagues (2014). Both come from the same University of Glasgow group and share authors, and several Glasgow cafes appear in both. We compared every shot in the earlier paper with every shot in the later one and found no duplicate samples: Ludwig's coffees were bought on separate occasions, about two years after Crozier's.
- The 2004 FSA survey is a regulator's own lab work. The UK Food Standards Agency's Survey of caffeine levels in hot beverages is not a peer-reviewed paper. It sits in tier 3 because what it contributes is laboratory measurement of real drinks. Its samples were analysed as consumed. Retail drinks that needed making up were made by the customer or a member of staff to their own taste, and the survey does not record whether milk was added to each one, so some filter coffees may contain milk, which lowers the caffeine per ml. The survey printed caffeine per litre and the weight served, not a volume, so its rows are entered as concentrations (mg per litre) and scaled to the cup size. 23 of its 199 coffee rows passed the rules. Most of the rest were made at home or at work with no recipe recorded; each one's reason is in the table below.
- Al-Baqami and colleagues (2023) are excluded. This study measured 24 drinks from coffee shops in Jeddah. The values it reports are 11 to 180 times the top of the 5 to 45 ppm range its own method states. It reports no dilution for the filter coffees and Americanos, and the tenfold dilution it reports for the espressos still leaves them far above the range. We do not trust those numbers enough to pool them. Every row is listed below with the reason.
- Declared figures are never pooled. USDA reference figures, Starbucks, the energy drinks, the pre-workout and the caffeine pill are figures someone published, not drinks we found measured in a lab. They are shown beside the measured data and labelled as declared, and none of them goes into a median. USDA's espresso figure, 64 mg per 30 ml (1 fl oz) from record 171891, and its brewed coffee figure appear as reference lines on the charts.
- Medians count servings, not lab runs. A source's sample count does not mean the same thing everywhere. For Crozier and Ludwig, each row is one cup analysed three times in the lab and the row holds the mean of those runs. For Wierzejska and Gielecinska (2024) each row is an outlet mean over 4 to 6 purchases. For the FSA survey each row is one sample analysed once. The pooled medians and means count rows, one per serving, never the lab runs behind them.
- Wierzejska and Gielecinska printed outlet means only. Their 2024 paper gives a mean and spread per outlet and one mean serving volume per drink type for the whole study, not a volume per outlet or individual servings. Those rows are listed below as excluded, and the volume shown on each is the study-wide mean for that drink type, not a measurement of that outlet's cup.
- Some measured drinks were made in a lab, not bought. Ludwig and colleagues also made espressos and instant coffees in their own lab, with a stated recipe. The 3 measured double shots, pulled to 22 to 23 ml (0.7 to 0.8 fl oz), are their lab espressos from a dose the paper calls typical of a double shot; the over-extracted versions from the same trial are excluded. Their 8 instant coffees were made at 2 g in 125 ml boiling water. Both sets sit in the measured pools for those drinks, and their rows below give the recipe.
- Beyond coffee, servings are amounts, not volumes. Dark chocolate is recorded in grams, the pre-workout in scoops and the caffeine pill in caplets, as their labels or USDA state them. Those rows never carry a volume in ml or fl oz.
- Only Starbucks has chain figures. We looked for published figures from Starbucks, Dunkin' and McDonald's, the three chains with meaningful US search demand for caffeine. Dunkin' publishes caffeine for its hot coffee and espresso but no volume for either, and McDonald's keeps its caffeine values hidden on its US site, so neither has rows. Where a maker's own page blocked us, we read an Internet Archive copy of that same page, and the reference below links the capture.
- Limits are quoted, not personalised. The limits section reports EFSA's figures as EFSA stated them, including its own per-kilogram equivalents, and the FDA's 400 mg a day. We do not scale those figures to particular body weights.
- Roast evidence, and its limits. The hub's line on roast rests on Lindsey and colleagues (Scientific Reports, 2024), who brewed two coffees at five roast levels from a fixed 10 g of ground coffee. Roast moved caffeine by a few percent and not in one direction, and how fully the coffee was extracted mattered more. They weighed their coffee and did not test scoops, so the study says nothing about caffeine per scoop of light or dark roast. No serving rows come from this paper; it is listed with the other sources below.
Health wording
The study describes what regulators found ("EFSA found that") and never tells a reader what to do. The limits summary on the hub carries one line saying the page summarises published research and is not medical advice.
This page summarises published research and is not medical advice.
Every drink
| Drink | Basis and serving | N | Studies | Median | Mean | Min | Max | Declared reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Espresso, single shot (headline) | As served, 13 to 104 ml (0.4 to 3.5 fl oz) | 124 | 2 | 108 mg | 115 mg | 51 mg | 322 mg | 64 mg (USDA FoodData Central) |
| Espresso, double shot | As served, 22 to 23 ml (0.7 to 0.8 fl oz) | 3 | 1 | 165 mg | 164 mg | 152 mg | 174 mg | |
| Brewed (drip) coffee | Scaled to 237 ml (8 fl oz) | 14 | 1 | 103 mg | 105 mg | 21 mg | 208 mg | 95 mg (USDA FoodData Central) |
| Cold brew | Scaled to 355 ml (12 fl oz) | no figures yet | ||||||
| Instant coffee | Scaled to 237 ml (8 fl oz) | 16 | 2 | 90 mg | 91 mg | 31 mg | 167 mg | |
| Decaf, brewed | Scaled to 237 ml (8 fl oz) | 1 | 1 | 5 mg | 5 mg | 5 mg | 5 mg | |
| Latte (one or two shots) | As served | no figures yet | ||||||
| Black tea, brewed | Scaled to 237 ml (8 fl oz) | declared | declared | 47 mg declared (USDA FoodData Central), not pooled | ||||
| Green tea, brewed | Scaled to 237 ml (8 fl oz) | declared | declared | 28 mg declared (USDA FoodData Central), not pooled | ||||
| Cola | As served, 355 ml (12 fl oz) | declared | declared | 33 mg declared (USDA FoodData Central), not pooled | ||||
| Red Bull | As served, 248 ml (8.4 fl oz) | declared | declared | 80 mg declared (Red Bull), not pooled | ||||
| Monster Energy | As served, 473 ml (16 fl oz) | declared | declared | 160 mg declared (Monster Energy), not pooled | ||||
| Celsius | As served, 355 ml (12 fl oz) | declared | declared | 200 mg declared (Celsius), not pooled | ||||
| Dark chocolate, 28 g (1 oz) | Per 28 g, USDA reference | declared | declared | 22 mg declared (USDA FoodData Central), not pooled | ||||
| Pre-workout, one scoop | Per 1 scoop, from the label | declared | declared | 200 mg declared (Cellucor), not pooled | ||||
| Caffeine pill, one caplet | Per 1 caplet, from the label | declared | declared | 200 mg declared (NoDoz), not pooled | ||||
Every serving, included or not
All 443 rows in the dataset, grouped by drink. "As recorded" is what the source printed; "Used as" is the figure that went into the pool or onto the charts. Sources link to the reference list below.
Espresso, single shot: 151 rows, 125 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pattiserie Francoise, Glasgow (Table 1) | 52 ml (1.8 fl oz) | 322 mg | 322 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| University Cafe, Glasgow (Table 1) | 49 ml (1.7 fl oz) | 260 mg | 260 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Cafe Cinnamon, Glasgow (Table 1) | 59 ml (2 fl oz) | 242 mg | 242 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Paperino's, Glasgow (Table 1) | 50 ml (1.7 fl oz) | 205 mg | 205 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| S'mug, Glasgow (Table 1) | 32 ml (1.1 fl oz) | 173 mg | 173 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Costa Coffee, Glasgow (Table 1) | 25 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 157 mg | 157 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Heart Buchanan, Glasgow (Table 1) | 24 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 156 mg | 156 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Jellyhill, Glasgow (Table 1) | 63 ml (2.1 fl oz) | 151 mg | 151 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Baguette Express, Glasgow (Table 1) | 45 ml (1.5 fl oz) | 140 mg | 140 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Chapter1, Glasgow (Table 1) | 26 ml (0.9 fl oz) | 140 mg | 140 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Peckham's, Glasgow (Table 1) | 70 ml (2.4 fl oz) | 140 mg | 140 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Little Italy, Glasgow (Table 1) | 23 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 129 mg | 129 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Coffee @ 291, Glasgow (Table 1) | 49 ml (1.7 fl oz) | 98 mg | 98 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Crepe a Croissant, Glasgow (Table 1) | 34 ml (1.1 fl oz) | 95 mg | 95 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Kember & Jones, Glasgow (Table 1) | 43 ml (1.5 fl oz) | 90 mg | 90 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Beanscene, Glasgow (Table 1) | 48 ml (1.6 fl oz) | 77 mg | 77 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Tinderbox, Glasgow (Table 1) | 25 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 75 mg | 75 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Morton's, Glasgow (Table 1) | 35 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 73 mg | 73 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Antipasti, Glasgow (Table 1) | 36 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 72 mg | 72 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| Starbucks, Glasgow (Table 1) | 27 ml (0.9 fl oz) | 51 mg | 51 mg as served, in the pool | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Included |
| University Cafe (blend, 18 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 1 | 49 ml (1.7 fl oz) | 276 mg | 276 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| University Cafe (blend, 18 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 2 | 53 ml (1.8 fl oz) | 191 mg | 191 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| University Cafe (blend, 18 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 3 | 45 ml (1.5 fl oz) | 180 mg | 180 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| University Cafe (blend, 18 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 4 | 64 ml (2.2 fl oz) | 201 mg | 201 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Little Italy (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 1 | 21 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 130 mg | 130 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Little Italy (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 2 | 17 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 112 mg | 112 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Little Italy (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 3 | 16 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 101 mg | 101 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Little Italy (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 4 | 22 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 140 mg | 140 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Patisserie Francoise (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 1 | 38 ml (1.3 fl oz) | 111 mg | 111 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Patisserie Francoise (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 2 | 47 ml (1.6 fl oz) | 124 mg | 124 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Patisserie Francoise (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 3 | 90 ml (3 fl oz) | 126 mg | 126 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Patisserie Francoise (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 4 | 25 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 110 mg | 110 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Artisan Roast (arabica, 18 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 1 | 17 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 99 mg | 99 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Artisan Roast (arabica, 18 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 2 | 16 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 104 mg | 104 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Artisan Roast (arabica, 18 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 3 | 15 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 101 mg | 101 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Artisan Roast (arabica, 18 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 4 | 13 ml (0.4 fl oz) | 116 mg | 116 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Costa Coffee (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 1 | 36 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 101 mg | 101 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Costa Coffee (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 2 | 34 ml (1.1 fl oz) | 86 mg | 86 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Costa Coffee (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 3 | 30 ml (1 fl oz) | 89 mg | 89 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Costa Coffee (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 4 | 34 ml (1.1 fl oz) | 94 mg | 94 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| The Tinder Box (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 1 | 23 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 77 mg | 77 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| The Tinder Box (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 2 | 27 ml (0.9 fl oz) | 83 mg | 83 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| The Tinder Box (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 3 | 25 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 90 mg | 90 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| The Tinder Box (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 4 | 25 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 86 mg | 86 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Caffe Nero (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 1 | 32 ml (1.1 fl oz) | 72 mg | 72 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Caffe Nero (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 2 | 33 ml (1.1 fl oz) | 87 mg | 87 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Caffe Nero (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 3 | 34 ml (1.1 fl oz) | 82 mg | 82 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Caffe Nero (blend, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 4 | 31 ml (1 fl oz) | 89 mg | 89 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Starbucks (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 1 | 33 ml (1.1 fl oz) | 79 mg | 79 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Starbucks (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 2 | 31 ml (1 fl oz) | 76 mg | 76 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Starbucks (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 3 | 27 ml (0.9 fl oz) | 66 mg | 66 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Starbucks (arabica, 9 g), Scotland (Table 3), purchase 4 | 27 ml (0.9 fl oz) | 67 mg | 67 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Caffetteria Pellico (blend, 7.5 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 1 | 20 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 121 mg | 121 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Caffetteria Pellico (blend, 7.5 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 2 | 21 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 129 mg | 129 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Caffetteria Pellico (blend, 7.5 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 3 | 22 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 140 mg | 140 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Caffetteria Pellico (blend, 7.5 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 4 | 22 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 150 mg | 150 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Camst (blend, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 1 | 28 ml (0.9 fl oz) | 132 mg | 132 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Camst (blend, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 2 | 23 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 114 mg | 114 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Camst (blend, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 3 | 24 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 121 mg | 121 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Camst (blend, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 4 | 29 ml (1 fl oz) | 108 mg | 108 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Castagnoli (blend, dose unknown), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 1 | 24 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 108 mg | 108 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Castagnoli (blend, dose unknown), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 2 | 19 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 118 mg | 118 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Castagnoli (blend, dose unknown), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 3 | 19 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 105 mg | 105 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Castagnoli (blend, dose unknown), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 4 | 20 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 126 mg | 126 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Marcheselli (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 1 | 19 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 100 mg | 100 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Marcheselli (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 2 | 18 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 102 mg | 102 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Marcheselli (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 3 | 19 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 115 mg | 115 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Marcheselli (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 4 | 18 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 111 mg | 111 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Kikko (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 1 | 27 ml (0.9 fl oz) | 106 mg | 106 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Kikko (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 2 | 27 ml (0.9 fl oz) | 98 mg | 98 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Kikko (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 3 | 23 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 94 mg | 94 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Kikko (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 4 | 31 ml (1 fl oz) | 105 mg | 105 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Regina (arabica, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 1 | 14 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 95 mg | 95 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Regina (arabica, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 2 | 18 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 101 mg | 101 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Regina (arabica, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 3 | 15 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 108 mg | 108 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Regina (arabica, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 4 | 13 ml (0.4 fl oz) | 96 mg | 96 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| San Marco (blend, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 1 | 16 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 100 mg | 100 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| San Marco (blend, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 2 | 18 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 85 mg | 85 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| San Marco (blend, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 3 | 21 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 113 mg | 113 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| San Marco (blend, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 4 | 16 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 102 mg | 102 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Lo Sfizio (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 1 | 21 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 99 mg | 99 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Lo Sfizio (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 2 | 16 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 101 mg | 101 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Lo Sfizio (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 3 | 15 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 85 mg | 85 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Lo Sfizio (blend, 7 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 4 | 24 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 104 mg | 104 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Bar Topino (blend, 5 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 1 | 17 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 93 mg | 93 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Bar Topino (blend, 5 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 2 | 16 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 89 mg | 89 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Bar Topino (blend, 5 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 3 | 13 ml (0.4 fl oz) | 82 mg | 82 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Bar Topino (blend, 5 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 4 | 19 ml (0.6 fl oz) | 109 mg | 109 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Alfa Cafe (arabica, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 1 | 23 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 75 mg | 75 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Alfa Cafe (arabica, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 2 | 16 ml (0.5 fl oz) | 54 mg | 54 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Alfa Cafe (arabica, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 3 | 23 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 84 mg | 84 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Alfa Cafe (arabica, 8 g), Parma, Italy (Table 4), purchase 4 | 20 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 80 mg | 80 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Tahona (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 1 | 59 ml (2 fl oz) | 117 mg | 117 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Tahona (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 2 | 68 ml (2.3 fl oz) | 134 mg | 134 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Tahona (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 3 | 82 ml (2.8 fl oz) | 139 mg | 139 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Tahona (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 4 | 38 ml (1.3 fl oz) | 117 mg | 117 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Taberna (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 1 | 67 ml (2.3 fl oz) | 123 mg | 123 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Taberna (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 2 | 64 ml (2.2 fl oz) | 119 mg | 119 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Taberna (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 3 | 63 ml (2.1 fl oz) | 128 mg | 128 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Taberna (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 4 | 64 ml (2.2 fl oz) | 119 mg | 119 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Faustino (blend, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 1 | 70 ml (2.4 fl oz) | 112 mg | 112 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Faustino (blend, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 2 | 67 ml (2.3 fl oz) | 118 mg | 118 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Faustino (blend, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 3 | 67 ml (2.3 fl oz) | 116 mg | 116 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Faustino (blend, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 4 | 65 ml (2.2 fl oz) | 129 mg | 129 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe de Iruna (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 1 | 71 ml (2.4 fl oz) | 125 mg | 125 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe de Iruna (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 2 | 104 ml (3.5 fl oz) | 128 mg | 128 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe de Iruna (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 3 | 63 ml (2.1 fl oz) | 82 mg | 82 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe de Iruna (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 4 | 92 ml (3.1 fl oz) | 132 mg | 132 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe y Te (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 1 | 40 ml (1.4 fl oz) | 91 mg | 91 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe y Te (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 2 | 50 ml (1.7 fl oz) | 107 mg | 107 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe y Te (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 3 | 68 ml (2.3 fl oz) | 127 mg | 127 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe y Te (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 4 | 42 ml (1.4 fl oz) | 111 mg | 111 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Manterola (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 1 | 90 ml (3 fl oz) | 112 mg | 112 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Manterola (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 2 | 43 ml (1.5 fl oz) | 92 mg | 92 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Manterola (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 3 | 103 ml (3.5 fl oz) | 121 mg | 121 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Manterola (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 4 | 55 ml (1.9 fl oz) | 111 mg | 111 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Rumbos (blend, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 1 | 70 ml (2.4 fl oz) | 116 mg | 116 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Rumbos (blend, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 2 | 34 ml (1.1 fl oz) | 101 mg | 101 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Rumbos (blend, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 3 | 84 ml (2.8 fl oz) | 128 mg | 128 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Rumbos (blend, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 4 | 62 ml (2.1 fl oz) | 113 mg | 113 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe de Pio (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 1 | 53 ml (1.8 fl oz) | 101 mg | 101 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe de Pio (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 2 | 72 ml (2.4 fl oz) | 96 mg | 96 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe de Pio (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 3 | 56 ml (1.9 fl oz) | 99 mg | 99 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Cafe de Pio (arabica, 9 g), Pamplona, Spain (Table 5), purchase 4 | 72 ml (2.4 fl oz) | 92 mg | 92 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Costa Coffee espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 59.5 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Starbucks espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 55.2 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Tchibo espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 58.3 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Green Caffe Nero espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 53.4 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Galeria Wypiekow Lubaszka espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 54.3 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Przystanek Piekarnia espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 142.8 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Putka espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 74.1 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Zabka espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 111.2 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| McCafe (McDonald's) espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 48 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Hotel restaurant espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 117.3 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| BP Wild Bean Cafe espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 85.8 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Orlen espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 80.6 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Shell espresso, outlet mean; volume is the study mean espresso serving (34.1 mL, range 16 to 60) | 34 ml (1.2 fl oz) | 65.4 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| FSA COA37CA, Ground coffee - Espresso; 156 g served, 122 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 156 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 785 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Served volume not recorded (weight only) and shot count not recorded |
| FSA LON38CA, Ground coffee - Espresso; 72 g served, 227 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 72 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 3152 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Served volume not recorded (weight only) and shot count not recorded |
| FSA NOR19WO, Coffee - Espresso (vending); 134 g served, 49 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 134 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 365 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA PRE36CA, Ground coffee - Espresso; 46 g served, 205 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 46 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 4449 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Served volume not recorded (weight only) and shot count not recorded |
| FSA SUF10CA, Ground coffee - Espresso; 71 g served, 92 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 71 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 2597 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Served volume not recorded (weight only) and shot count not recorded |
| LA Cima, Jeddah, espresso; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 7701.54 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Serving volume not reported; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Brew 92, Jeddah, espresso; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 5801.12 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Serving volume not reported; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Cloud 9, Jeddah, espresso; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 4852.15 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Serving volume not reported; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Starbucks, Jeddah, espresso; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 2488.87 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Serving volume not reported; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Ratio, Jeddah, espresso; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 8080.05 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Serving volume not reported; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Costa, Jeddah, espresso; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 1366.29 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Serving volume not reported; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Kims, Jeddah, espresso; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 5647.89 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Serving volume not reported; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Dose, Jeddah, espresso; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 839.69 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Serving volume not reported; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| USDA reference | 30 ml (1 fl oz) | 63.6 mg | 63.6 mg as served, declared, not pooled | USDA FoodData Central | declared | Included |
Espresso, double shot: 6 rows, 3 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lab espresso, light roast, 18.6 g, regular extraction (Table 2) | 23 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 165 mg | 165 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Lab espresso, medium roast, 18.1 g, regular extraction (Table 2) | 23 ml (0.8 fl oz) | 152 mg | 152 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Lab espresso, dark roast, 20.4 g, regular extraction (Table 2) | 22 ml (0.7 fl oz) | 174 mg | 174 mg as served, in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Lab espresso, light roast, 18.6 g, over-extraction (Table 2) | 55 ml (1.9 fl oz) | 203 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Deliberate over-extraction trial, not a normal serving |
| Lab espresso, medium roast, 18.1 g, over-extraction (Table 2) | 45 ml (1.5 fl oz) | 202 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Deliberate over-extraction trial, not a normal serving |
| Lab espresso, dark roast, 20.4 g, over-extraction (Table 2) | 43 ml (1.5 fl oz) | 232 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Deliberate over-extraction trial, not a normal serving |
Brewed (drip) coffee: 112 rows, 15 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Washed arabica, H-S roast; mg per mL (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 0.39 mg per ml | Not used | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Excluded: Lab roasting experiment: 5 g steeped 5 min in 100 mL and filtered, not a served drink |
| Washed arabica, L-L roast; mg per mL (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 0.37 mg per ml | Not used | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Excluded: Lab roasting experiment: 5 g steeped 5 min in 100 mL and filtered, not a served drink |
| Unwashed arabica, H-S roast; mg per mL (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 0.37 mg per ml | Not used | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Excluded: Lab roasting experiment: 5 g steeped 5 min in 100 mL and filtered, not a served drink |
| Unwashed arabica, L-L roast; mg per mL (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 0.35 mg per ml | Not used | Crozier et al., 2012 | measured | Excluded: Lab roasting experiment: 5 g steeped 5 min in 100 mL and filtered, not a served drink |
| Costa Coffee Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 72.4 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Starbucks Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 171.7 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Tchibo Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 142.2 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Green Caffe Nero Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 100.9 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Galeria Wypiekow Lubaszka Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 103.8 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Przystanek Piekarnia Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 254.2 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Putka Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 204.1 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Zabka Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 154.9 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| McCafe (McDonald's) Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 169.3 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Hotel restaurant Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 143.1 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| BP Wild Bean Cafe Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 103.1 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Orlen Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 143 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Shell Americano, outlet mean; volume is the study mean Americano serving (225.4 mL, range 152 to 420) | 225 ml (7.6 fl oz) | 133.3 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Americano (espresso diluted with water), not drip coffee; outlet mean only; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Homemade ground coffee, 2.5 g in 160 mL, mean of 65 lab infusions (text) | 160 ml (5.4 fl oz) | 23 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Aggregate mean; coffee steeped in the cup and decanted, not drip |
| Mean (SD 36) of brewed specialty coffees per 16 fl oz cup; n of coffees not given in the abstract | 473 ml (16 fl oz) | 188 mg | Not used | McCusker et al., 2003 | measured | Excluded: Aggregate mean from the abstract; full text not accessible so individual servings could not be transcribed |
| Medium roast, medium grind, hot brew 6 min French press; mg per L (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 1040 mg per litre | Not used | Fuller and Rao, 2017 | measured | Excluded: French press at 1:10 coffee to water (35 g in 350 mL), not drip and not a served drink |
| Medium roast, coarse grind, hot brew 6 min French press; mg per L (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 970 mg per litre | Not used | Fuller and Rao, 2017 | measured | Excluded: French press at 1:10 coffee to water (35 g in 350 mL), not drip and not a served drink |
| Dark roast, medium grind, hot brew 6 min French press; mg per L (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 1060 mg per litre | Not used | Fuller and Rao, 2017 | measured | Excluded: French press at 1:10 coffee to water (35 g in 350 mL), not drip and not a served drink |
| Dark roast, coarse grind, hot brew 6 min French press; mg per L (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 840 mg per litre | Not used | Fuller and Rao, 2017 | measured | Excluded: French press at 1:10 coffee to water (35 g in 350 mL), not drip and not a served drink |
| FSA COA07DO, Ground coffee; 207 g served, 47 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 207 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 228 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA15WD, Ground coffee; 265 g served, 189 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 265 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 715 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA19CA, Ground coffee; 209 g served, 109 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 209 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 520 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA COA20CA, Ground coffee; 316 g served, 81 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 316 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 511.5 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA COA36CA, Ground coffee - filter (vending); 156 g served, 55 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 156 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 353 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA COA39CA, Ground coffee; 169 g served, 59 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 169 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 348 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA LON15DO, Ground coffee; 257 g served, 127 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 257 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 493 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA LON22WO, Ground coffee - vending; 178 g served, 57 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 178 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 318 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA LON28WD, Ground coffee; 224 g served, 91 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 224 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 405 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA LON32CA, Ground coffee - filter; 224 g served, 87 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 224 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 390.5 mg per litre | 92.5 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA LON33CA, Ground coffee; 331 g served, 227 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 331 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 685 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA LON34CA, Ground coffee - filter; 182 g served, 64 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 182 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 352 mg per litre | 83.4 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA NOR31CA, Ground coffee; 257 g served, 104 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 257 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 404 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA NOR33CA, Ground coffee; 189 g served, 39 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 189 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 207 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA NOR34CA, Ground coffee; 194 g served, 51 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 194 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 264 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA NOR36CA, Ground coffee; 296 g served, 92 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 296 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 310 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA NOR40CA, Ground coffee; 152 g served, 116 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 152 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 762 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA PRE19CA, Ground coffee; 205 g served, 68 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 205 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 333 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA PRE23DO, Ground coffee; 300 g served, 159 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 300 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 531 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE38CA, Ground coffee - filter; 170 g served, 58 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 170 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 343 mg per litre | 81.3 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA PRE39CA, Ground coffee - filter; 174 g served, 88 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 174 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 504 mg per litre | 119.4 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA SCO01DO, Ground coffee; 189 g served, 85 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 189 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 449 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO04DO, Ground coffee; 221 g served, 140 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 221 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 634 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO23WO, Coffee - vending; 275 g served, 92 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 275 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 333 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA SCO33CA, Ground coffee - filter; 204 g served, 87 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 204 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 427 mg per litre | 101.2 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA SCO37CA, Ground coffee; 314 g served, 171 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 314 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 545 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA SCO38CA, Ground coffee; 438 g served, 183 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 438 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 417 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA SCO39CA, Ground coffee; 170 g served, 134 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 170 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 786 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA SOM21WO, Coffee - vending; 155 g served, 36 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 155 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 231.5 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA SOM24WO, Ground coffee - filter; 184 g served, 62 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 184 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 335 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM28WD, Ground coffee; 213 g served, 125 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 213 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 586 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM31CA, Ground coffee - filter; 209 g served, 73 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 209 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 351 mg per litre | 83.2 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA SOM32CA, Ground coffee - filter; 235 g served, 53 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 235 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 226 mg per litre | 53.6 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA SOM39CA, Ground coffee - filter; 168 g served, 15 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 168 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 88 mg per litre | 20.9 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA SUF06WO, Ground coffee - filter (vending, tea trolley); 244 g served, 65 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 244 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 267 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA SUF13DO, Ground coffee; 240 g served, 76 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 240 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 318 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SUF18DO, Ground coffee; 302 g served, 86 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 302 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 284 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SUF19DO, Ground coffee; 187 g served, 65 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 187 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 345 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SUF20DO, Ground coffee; 261 g served, 110 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 261 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 421 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SUF21DO, Ground coffee; 211 g served, 79 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 211 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 373 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SUF33WD, Ground coffee; 291 g served, 129 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 291 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 442 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SUF34CA, Ground coffee; 184 g served, 115 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 184 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 627 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA SUF40CA, Ground coffee; 149 g served, 68 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 149 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 458 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA WAL05DO, Ground coffee; 276 g served, 84 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 276 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 303 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL10DO, Ground coffee; 233 g served, 94 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 233 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 404.5 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL13DO, Ground coffee; 213 g served, 139 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 213 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 654 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL18WO, Ground coffee; 227 g served, 137 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 227 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 602 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL20WO, Coffee - vending; 160 g served, 60 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 160 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 377 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA WAL21WO, Coffee - vending; 174 g served, 47 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 174 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 268 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA WAL24WO, Coffee - vending; 167 g served, 60 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 167 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 361 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA WAL30WD, Ground coffee; 328 g served, 218 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 328 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 664 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL32CA, Ground coffee - filter; 144 g served, 89 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 144 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 617 mg per litre | 146.2 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA WAL33CA, Ground coffee - filter; 172 g served, 95 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 172 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 554 mg per litre | 131.3 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA WAL35CA, Ground coffee - filter; 274 g served, 127 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 274 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 462.5 mg per litre | 109.6 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA WAL37CA, Ground coffee - filter; 186 g served, 163 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 186 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 878 mg per litre | 208.1 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA WAL40CA, Ground coffee - filter; 160 g served, 95 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 160 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 593 mg per litre | 140.5 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA WOR03DO, Ground coffee; 180 g served, 53 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 180 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 296 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR09DO, Ground coffee; 249 g served, 55 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 249 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 221 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR15DO, Ground coffee; 190 g served, 66 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 190 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 347 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR19WO, Ground coffee - vending; 180 g served, 24 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 180 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 133 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA WOR20WO, Ground coffee - vending; 156 g served, 105 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 156 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 675 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA WOR22WO, Coffee - vending; 156 g served, 28 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 156 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 181.5 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA WOR34CA, Ground coffee; 153 g served, 40 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 153 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 260 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA WOR35CA, Ground coffee; 127 g served, 65 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 127 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 513 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA WOR38CA, Ground coffee; 145 g served, 61 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 145 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 420 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA YOR06DO, Ground coffee; 277 g served, 93 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 277 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 336 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR15DO, Ground coffee; 152 g served, 108 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 152 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 708 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR20WO, Coffee - vending; 171 g served, 34 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 171 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 201 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA YOR32CA, Ground coffee; 241 g served, 86 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 241 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 355 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA YOR35CA, Ground coffee - filter; 158 g served, 70 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 158 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 440 mg per litre | 104.3 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA YOR36CA, Ground coffee; 240 g served, 125 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 240 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 519 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| FSA YOR37CA, Ground coffee; 334 g served, 176 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 334 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 526 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded (could be filter, cafetiere or espresso based) |
| LA Cima, Jeddah, "Black & V60"; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 937.61 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Analytical concern: reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| LA Cima, Jeddah, Americano; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 1030.26 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Americano, not drip coffee; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Brew 92, Jeddah, "Black & V60"; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 971.52 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Analytical concern: reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Brew 92, Jeddah, Americano; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 854.49 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Americano, not drip coffee; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Cloud 9, Jeddah, "Black & V60"; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 956.54 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Analytical concern: reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Cloud 9, Jeddah, Americano; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 1093.71 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Americano, not drip coffee; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Starbucks, Jeddah, "Black & V60"; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 513.82 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Analytical concern: reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Starbucks, Jeddah, Americano; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 819.67 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Americano, not drip coffee; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Ratio, Jeddah, "Black & V60"; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 1081.71 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Analytical concern: reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Ratio, Jeddah, Americano; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 1319.43 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Americano, not drip coffee; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Costa, Jeddah, "Black & V60"; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 725.16 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Analytical concern: reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Costa, Jeddah, Americano; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 485.56 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Americano, not drip coffee; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Kims, Jeddah, "Black & V60"; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 821.69 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Analytical concern: reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Kims, Jeddah, Americano; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 557.16 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Americano, not drip coffee; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Dose, Jeddah, "Black & V60"; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 723.23 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Analytical concern: reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| Dose, Jeddah, Americano; ppm read as mg per L (Table 2) | None recorded; a concentration | 516.54 mg per litre | Not used | Al-Baqami et al., 2023 | measured | Excluded: Americano, not drip coffee; also reported values are 11 to 180 times the top of the method's stated 5 to 45 ppm linear range, with no dilution reported for non-espresso samples (espressos only tenfold); units given as both ppm and ug per g |
| USDA reference | 237 ml (8 fl oz) | 94.8 mg | 94.8 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), declared, not pooled | USDA FoodData Central | declared | Included |
Cold brew: 4 rows, 0 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medium roast, medium grind, cold brew after 1440 min; mg per L (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 1180 mg per litre | Not used | Fuller and Rao, 2017 | measured | Excluded: Lab extraction study at 1:10 coffee to water (35 g in 350 mL), a concentrate strength; not a served drink |
| Medium roast, coarse grind, cold brew after 1440 min; mg per L (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 1230 mg per litre | Not used | Fuller and Rao, 2017 | measured | Excluded: Lab extraction study at 1:10 coffee to water (35 g in 350 mL), a concentrate strength; not a served drink |
| Dark roast, medium grind, cold brew after 1440 min; mg per L (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 1080 mg per litre | Not used | Fuller and Rao, 2017 | measured | Excluded: Lab extraction study at 1:10 coffee to water (35 g in 350 mL), a concentrate strength; not a served drink |
| Dark roast, coarse grind, cold brew after 1440 min; mg per L (Table 3) | None recorded; a concentration | 990 mg per litre | Not used | Fuller and Rao, 2017 | measured | Excluded: Lab extraction study at 1:10 coffee to water (35 g in 350 mL), a concentrate strength; not a served drink |
Instant coffee: 111 rows, 16 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fortaleza Natural, 2 g in 125 mL boiling water (Table 7) | 125 ml (4.2 fl oz) | 88 mg | 166.8 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Marcilla Creme, 2 g in 125 mL boiling water (Table 7) | 125 ml (4.2 fl oz) | 78 mg | 147.9 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Nescafe Classic, 2 g in 125 mL boiling water (Table 7) | 125 ml (4.2 fl oz) | 70 mg | 132.7 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Nescafe Green Blend, 2 g in 125 mL boiling water (Table 7) | 125 ml (4.2 fl oz) | 60 mg | 113.8 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Nescafe Gold Blend, 2 g in 125 mL boiling water (Table 7) | 125 ml (4.2 fl oz) | 55 mg | 104.3 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Nescafe Espresso, 2 g in 125 mL boiling water (Table 7) | 125 ml (4.2 fl oz) | 48 mg | 91 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Nescafe Colombia, 2 g in 125 mL boiling water (Table 7) | 125 ml (4.2 fl oz) | 48 mg | 91 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| Nescafe Alta Rica, 2 g in 125 mL boiling water (Table 7) | 125 ml (4.2 fl oz) | 48 mg | 91 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Included |
| FSA COA05DO, Instant coffee; 199 g served, 31 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 199 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 157 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA06DO, Instant coffee; 206 g served, 34 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 206 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 167 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA08DO, Instant coffee; 204 g served, 43 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 204 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 209 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA12WO, Instant coffee; 239 g served, 43 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 239 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 182 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA13WO, Instant coffee; 261 g served, 50 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 261 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 193 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA18CA, Instant coffee - vending; 276 g served, 131 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 276 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 473 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA COA27DO, Instant coffee; 286 g served, 72 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 286 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 252.5 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA28WO, Instant coffee; 226 g served, 63 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 226 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 280 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA31WO, Instant coffee; 219 g served, 92 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 219 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 421 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA32WO, Instant coffee; 269 g served, 83 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 269 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 307 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA34WD, Instant coffee; 230 g served, 52 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 230 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 226 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA COA38CA, Instant coffee; 154 g served, 38 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 154 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 246 mg per litre | 58.3 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA COA40CA, Instant coffee - vending; 129 g served, 54 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 129 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 417 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA LON05DO, Instant coffee; 215 g served, 21 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 215 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 96 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA LON11DO, Instant coffee; 239 g served, 44 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 239 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 183 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA LON13DO, Instant coffee; 141 g served, 46 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 141 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 325 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA LON16WO, Instant coffee; 212 g served, 42 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 212 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 197 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA LON19WO, Instant coffee; 245 g served, 48 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 245 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 195 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA LON20WO, Instant coffee (decaff); 203 g served, 2 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 203 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 9 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Decaffeinated instant coffee |
| FSA LON23WO, Instant coffee; 274 g served, 63 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 274 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 230 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA LON26WD, Instant coffee; 219 g served, 43 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 219 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 195 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA LON27WD, Instant coffee (decaff); 209 g served, 2 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 209 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 10 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Decaffeinated instant coffee |
| FSA LON29WD, Instant coffee; 204 g served, 83 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 204 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 406 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA LON31CA, Instant coffee; 157 g served, 50 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 157 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 321 mg per litre | 76.1 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA LON37CA, Instant coffee; 274 g served, 98 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 274 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 357 mg per litre | 84.6 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA NOR01DO, Instant coffee; 253 g served, 40 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 253 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 157 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA NOR02DO, Instant coffee (decaff); 151 g served, 3 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 151 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 21 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Decaffeinated instant coffee |
| FSA NOR04DO, Instant coffee; 231 g served, 33 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 231 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 142 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA NOR08DO, Instant coffee; 296 g served, 90 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 296 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 304 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA NOR13DO, Instant coffee; 206 g served, 39 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 206 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 188 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA NOR15DO, Instant coffee; 226 g served, 65 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 226 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 289.5 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA NOR17WO, Instant coffee; 143 g served, 48 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 143 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 338 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA NOR18WO, Instant coffee; 191 g served, 71 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 191 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 370 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA NOR22WO, Instant coffee; 252 g served, 49 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 252 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 196 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA NOR25WO, Instant coffee; 194 g served, 67 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 194 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 345 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA NOR37CA, Instant coffee; 176 g served, 23 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 176 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 130 mg per litre | 30.8 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA PRE01DO, Instant coffee; 235 g served, 77 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 235 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 327 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE02DO, Instant coffee; 239 g served, 60 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 239 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 251 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE04DO, Instant coffee; 245 g served, 73 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 245 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 299 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE05DO, Instant coffee; 208 g served, 46 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 208 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 223 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE07DO, Instant coffee; 267 g served, 35 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 267 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 131 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE11WO, Instant coffee; 241 g served, 46 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 241 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 192.5 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE15WD, Instant coffee; 242 g served, 53 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 242 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 218 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE21DO, Instant coffee; 203 g served, 30 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 203 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 148 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE24DO, Instant coffee; 287 g served, 59 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 287 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 207 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE30WO, Instant coffee; 279 g served, 67 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 279 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 239 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE33WO, Instant coffee; 232 g served, 92 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 232 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 397 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA PRE37CA, Instant coffee; 255 g served, 71 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 255 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 279 mg per litre | 66.1 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA SCO02DO, Instant coffee; 260 g served, 56 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 260 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 217 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO07DO, Instant coffee; 218 g served, 76 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 218 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 349 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO08DO, Instant coffee; 219 g served, 72 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 219 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 327 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO10DO, Instant coffee; 254 g served, 46 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 254 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 183 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO14DO, Instant coffee; 240 g served, 27 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 240 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 112 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO15DO, Instant coffee; 230 g served, 53 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 230 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 232.5 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO16WO, Instant coffee - vending; 153 g served, 49 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 153 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 319 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA SCO18WO, Instant coffee; 191 g served, 105 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 191 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 552 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO21WO, Instant coffee; 167 g served, 51 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 167 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 304 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO25WO, Instant coffee; 235 g served, 54 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 235 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 229 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SCO30WD, Instant coffee; 252 g served, 47 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 252 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 185 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM02DO, Instant coffee; 256 g served, 25 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 256 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 98 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM04DO, Instant coffee (decaff); 201 g served, 1 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 201 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 7 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Decaffeinated instant coffee |
| FSA SOM05DO, Instant coffee; 237 g served, 51 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 237 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 217 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM07DO, Instant coffee; 194 g served, 36 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 194 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 185 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM08DO, Instant coffee; 223 g served, 43 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 223 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 194 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM10DO, Instant coffee (decaff); 152 g served, 2 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 152 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 13 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Decaffeinated instant coffee |
| FSA SOM13DO, Instant coffee; 223 g served, 56 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 223 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 251 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM17WO, Instant coffee; 193 g served, 120 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 193 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 623 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM22WO, Instant coffee; 256 g served, 60 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 256 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 236 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM26WD, Instant coffee; 236 g served, 24 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 236 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 100 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SOM35CA, Instant coffee; 189 g served, 59 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 189 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 312 mg per litre | 73.9 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA SUF08WD, Instant coffee; 240 g served, 85 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 240 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 356 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SUF23WO, Instant coffee; 264 g served, 64 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 264 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 241 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SUF24WO, Instant coffee; 255 g served, 41 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 255 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 161 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA SUF32WD, Instant coffee; 284 g served, 65 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 284 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 230.5 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL07DO, Instant coffee; 252 g served, 70 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 252 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 279 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL09DO, Instant coffee; 235 g served, 49 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 235 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 208 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL12DO, Instant coffee; 245 g served, 61 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 245 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 247 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL15DO, Instant coffee; 227 g served, 33 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 227 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 147 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL17WO, Instant coffee (vending); 192 g served, 60 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 192 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 313 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA WAL26WD, Instant coffee; 435 g served, 62 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 435 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 143 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WAL29WD, Instant coffee; 355 g served, 81 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 355 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 229 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR01DO, Instant coffee; 307 g served, 87 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 307 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 282 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR02DO, Instant coffee; 139 g served, 35 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 139 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 253 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR04DO, Instant coffee; 152 g served, 33 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 152 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 216 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR05DO, Instant coffee; 224 g served, 22 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 224 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 96 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR12DO, Instant coffee; 227 g served, 35 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 227 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 156 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR16WO, Instant coffee; 154 g served, 23 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 154 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 151 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR24WO, Instant coffee; 280 g served, 42 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 280 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 149 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR26WD, Instant coffee; 260 g served, 48 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 260 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 184 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA WOR27WD, Instant coffee; 271 g served, 59 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 271 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 219 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR07DO, Instant coffee; 220 g served, 27 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 220 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 123 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR09DO, Instant coffee; 258 g served, 51 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 258 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 198 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR12DO, Instant coffee; 231 g served, 59 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 231 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 256 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR13DO, Instant coffee; 275 g served, 116 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 275 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 423 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR16WO, Instant coffee; 284 g served, 32 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 284 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 114 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR17WO, Instant coffee; 267 g served, 54 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 267 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 202 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR19WO, Instant coffee (vending, tea trolley); 239 g served, 59 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 239 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 248 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA YOR23WO, Instant coffee (decaff); 192 g served, 4 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 192 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 21 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Decaffeinated instant coffee |
| FSA YOR24WO, Instant coffee; 252 g served, 33 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 252 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 131 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR26WD, Instant coffee (decaff); 273 g served, 3 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 273 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 12 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Decaffeinated instant coffee |
| FSA YOR28WD, Instant coffee; 272 g served, 39 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 272 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 144 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Prepared at home or work; recipe not recorded |
| FSA YOR31CA, Instant coffee; 235 g served, 45 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 235 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 190 mg per litre | 45 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
| FSA YOR38CA, Instant coffee; 131 g served, 49 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed; prepared to taste; milk not recorded | 131 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 372 mg per litre | 88.2 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
Decaf, brewed: 2 rows, 1 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FSA SOM36CA, Ground coffee (decaff); 105 g served, 8 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 105 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 79 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Brewing method not recorded |
| FSA WOR40CA, Ground coffee - filter (decaff); 185 g served, 4 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 185 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 20 mg per litre | 4.7 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), in the pool | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Included |
Latte (one or two shots): 48 rows, 0 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University Cafe cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 1 (Table 6) | 195 ml (6.6 fl oz) | 237 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| University Cafe cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 2 (Table 6) | 260 ml (8.8 fl oz) | 143 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| University Cafe cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 3 (Table 6) | 295 ml (10 fl oz) | 252 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| University Cafe cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 4 (Table 6) | 265 ml (9 fl oz) | 145 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Patisserie Francoise cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 1 (Table 6) | 310 ml (10.5 fl oz) | 168 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Patisserie Francoise cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 2 (Table 6) | 300 ml (10.1 fl oz) | 311 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Patisserie Francoise cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 3 (Table 6) | 255 ml (8.6 fl oz) | 304 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Patisserie Francoise cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 4 (Table 6) | 255 ml (8.6 fl oz) | 317 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Artisan Roast cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 1 (Table 6) | 178 ml (6 fl oz) | 89 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Artisan Roast cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 2 (Table 6) | 230 ml (7.8 fl oz) | 138 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Artisan Roast cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 3 (Table 6) | 115 ml (3.9 fl oz) | 85 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Artisan Roast cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 4 (Table 6) | 165 ml (5.6 fl oz) | 92 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Costa cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 1 (Table 6) | 260 ml (8.8 fl oz) | 241 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Costa cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 2 (Table 6) | 220 ml (7.4 fl oz) | 237 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Costa cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 3 (Table 6) | 250 ml (8.5 fl oz) | 211 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Costa cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 4 (Table 6) | 190 ml (6.4 fl oz) | 201 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Starbucks cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 1 (Table 6) | 285 ml (9.6 fl oz) | 170 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Starbucks cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 2 (Table 6) | 265 ml (9 fl oz) | 129 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Starbucks cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 3 (Table 6) | 235 ml (7.9 fl oz) | 166 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Starbucks cappuccino, Glasgow, purchase 4 (Table 6) | 305 ml (10.3 fl oz) | 157 mg | Not used | Ludwig et al., 2014 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| Costa Coffee caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 70.5 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Starbucks caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 96.1 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Tchibo caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 154.2 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Green Caffe Nero caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 74.6 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Galeria Wypiekow Lubaszka caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 76.3 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Przystanek Piekarnia caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 141 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Putka caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 83.5 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Zabka caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 122.9 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| McCafe (McDonald's) caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 92 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| Hotel restaurant caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 104.5 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| BP Wild Bean Cafe caffe latte or latte macchiato, outlet mean; volume is the study mean latte serving (206.4 mL, range 142 to 312) | 206 ml (7 fl oz) | 72.4 mg | Not used | Wierzejska and Gielecinska, 2024 | measured | Excluded: Outlet mean only; individual servings and per-outlet volume not reported; the volume shown is the study's mean serving for this drink type, not this outlet's |
| FSA LON39CA, Ground coffee - Cappuccino; 259 g served, 254 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 259 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 980 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| FSA NOR24WO, Coffee - Cappuccino (vending); 158 g served, 70 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 158 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 440 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA NOR32CA, Ground coffee - Latte; 222 g served, 78 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 222 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 350 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Served volume not recorded (weight only) and shot count not recorded |
| FSA NOR39CA, Ground coffee - Latte; 232 g served, 95 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 232 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 411 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Served volume not recorded (weight only) and shot count not recorded |
| FSA PRE08WO, Coffee - Cappuccino (vending); 151 g served, 54 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 151 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 358 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA PRE18CA, Ground coffee - Cappuccino; 246 g served, 94 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 246 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 384 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| FSA PRE40CA, Ground coffee - Cappuccino; 175 g served, 240 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 175 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 1371 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| FSA SCO34CA, Ground coffee - Cappuccino; 348 g served, 251 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 348 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 720 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| FSA SOM19WO, Coffee - Cappuccino (vending); 169 g served, 34 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 169 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 202 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA SUF09CA, Ground coffee - Cappuccino; 223 g served, 81 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 223 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 361 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| FSA SUF25WO, Coffee - Cappuccino (vending); 160 g served, 36 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 160 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 226 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA SUF28WO, Coffee - Cappuccino (vending); 155 g served, 53 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 155 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 340 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Vending machine drink |
| FSA SUF37CA, Ground coffee - Cappuccino; 172 g served, 33 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 172 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 193 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| FSA SUF39CA, Ground coffee - Cappuccino; 148 g served, 42 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 148 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 287 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| FSA WOR32CA, Ground coffee - Cappuccino; 180 g served, 40 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 180 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 221 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| FSA YOR39CA, Ground coffee - Cappuccino; 196 g served, 128 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 196 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 652 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Cappuccino, not a latte; no cappuccino row in phase 1 |
| FSA YOR40CA, Ground coffee - Latte; 207 g served, 59 mg per serving; mg per L as analysed | 207 g served (weighed; volume not recorded) | 287 mg per litre | Not used | UK Food Standards Agency, 2004 | measured | Excluded: Served volume not recorded (weight only) and shot count not recorded |
Black tea, brewed: 1 row, 1 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USDA reference: 20 mg per 100 g scaled to the 1 cup (8 fl oz) portion of 237 g | 237 ml (8 fl oz) | 47.4 mg | 47.5 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), declared, not pooled | USDA FoodData Central | declared | Included |
Green tea, brewed: 1 row, 1 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USDA reference: 12 mg per 100 g scaled to the 1 fl oz portion of 29.6 g | 30 ml (1 fl oz) | 3.55 mg | 28.5 mg per 237 ml (8 fl oz), declared, not pooled | USDA FoodData Central | declared | Included |
Cola: 1 row, 1 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USDA reference: 9 mg per 100 g scaled to the 12 fl oz can portion of 370 g | 355 ml (12 fl oz) | 33.3 mg | 33.3 mg as served, declared, not pooled | USDA FoodData Central | declared | Included |
Red Bull: 1 row, 1 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Bull Energy Drink, 8.4 fl oz can | 248 ml (8.4 fl oz) | 80 mg | 80 mg as served, declared, not pooled | Red Bull | declared | Included |
Monster Energy: 1 row, 1 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monster Energy original, 16 fl oz can | 473 ml (16 fl oz) | 160 mg | 160 mg as served, declared, not pooled | Monster Energy | declared | Included |
Celsius: 1 row, 1 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CELSIUS, 12 fl oz can | 355 ml (12 fl oz) | 200 mg | 200 mg as served, declared, not pooled | Celsius | declared | Included |
Dark chocolate, 28 g (1 oz): 1 row, 1 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USDA reference: 80 mg per 100 g of 70 to 85% cacao dark chocolate scaled to 28 g | 28 g | 22.4 mg | 22.4 mg per 28 g, declared, not pooled | USDA FoodData Central | declared | Included |
Pre-workout, one scoop: 1 row, 1 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C4 Original Pre-Workout, one scoop | 1 scoop | 200 mg | 200 mg per 1 scoop, declared, not pooled | Cellucor | declared | Included |
Caffeine pill, one caplet: 1 row, 1 used
| Sample | Serving as recorded | Caffeine as recorded | Used as | Source | Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NoDoz, one 200 mg caplet | 1 caplet | 200 mg | 200 mg per 1 caplet, declared, not pooled | NoDoz | declared | Included |
References
Every source in the dataset, by tier, including those cited in the text with no serving rows. Links marked as Internet Archive captures (3 of them) are copies of the publisher's or maker's own page, used where the live page was gone or blocked.
| Tier | Citation | Link | Checked |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | EFSA. EFSA explains risk assessment: caffeine. 2015. | efsa.europa.eu | 2026-10-01 |
| 2 | US Food and Drug Administration. Spilling the beans: how much caffeine is too much? Consumer update, content current as of 08/28/2024. | fda.gov | 2026-10-02 |
| 3 | Al-Baqami SM, AlZughabi TA, Almostady MA, Alotaibi NA, Almostadi A, AlRaddadi TM, Bahaffi SO. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Open Chemistry 2023;21:20230131. | doi.org | 2026-10-02 |
| 3 | Crozier TWM, Stalmach A, Lean MEJ. Espresso coffees, caffeine and chlorogenic acid intake: potential health implications. Food & Function 2012;3:30-33. | eprints.gla.ac.uk | 2026-10-01 |
| 3 | Food Standards Agency. Survey of caffeine levels in hot beverages. Food Survey Information Sheet 53/04, April 2004, with Annex 1. | Internet Archive capture | 2026-10-02 |
| 3 | Fuller M, Rao NZ. The effect of time, roasting temperature, and grind size on caffeine and chlorogenic acid concentrations in cold brew coffee. Scientific Reports 2017;7:17979. | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 2026-10-02 |
| 3 | Lindsey ZR, Williams JR, Burgess JS, Moore NT, Splichal PM. Caffeine content in filter coffee brews as a function of degree of roast and extraction yield. Scientific Reports 2024;14:29126. | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 2026-10-02 |
| 3 | Ludwig IA, Mena P, Calani L, Cid C, Del Rio D, Lean MEJ, Crozier A. Variations in caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents of coffees: what are we drinking? Food & Function 2014;5:1718-1726. | eprints.gla.ac.uk | 2026-10-02 |
| 3 | McCusker RR, Goldberger BA, Cone EJ. Caffeine content of specialty coffees. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2003;27(7):520-522. | doi.org | 2026-10-02 |
| 3 | Wierzejska RE, Gielecinska I. Evaluation of the caffeine content in servings of popular coffees in terms of its safe intake: can we drink 3 to 5 cups of coffee per day, as experts advise? Nutrients 2024;16(15):2385. | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 2026-10-02 |
| 4 | USDA FoodData Central. Beverages, tea, black, brewed, prepared with tap water. SR Legacy, FDC ID 173227. | fdc.nal.usda.gov | 2026-10-02 |
| 4 | USDA FoodData Central. Beverages, coffee, brewed, prepared with tap water. SR Legacy, FDC ID 171890. | fdc.nal.usda.gov | 2026-10-02 |
| 4 | USDA FoodData Central. Beverages, carbonated, cola, regular. SR Legacy, FDC ID 174852. | fdc.nal.usda.gov | 2026-10-02 |
| 4 | USDA FoodData Central. Chocolate, dark, 70-85% cacao solids. SR Legacy, FDC ID 170273. | fdc.nal.usda.gov | 2026-10-02 |
| 4 | USDA FoodData Central. Beverages, coffee, brewed, espresso, restaurant-prepared. SR Legacy, FDC ID 171891. | fdc.nal.usda.gov | 2026-10-02 |
| 4 | USDA FoodData Central. Beverages, tea, green, brewed, regular. SR Legacy, FDC ID 171917. | fdc.nal.usda.gov | 2026-10-02 |
| 5 | Cellucor. C4 Original Pre-Workout Powder, product page. | cellucor.com | 2026-10-02 |
| 5 | Celsius Holdings. Essential Facts, caffeine content by product line. | celsius.com | 2026-10-02 |
| 5 | Monster Energy Company. Monster Energy (original green), product page, US site. | Internet Archive capture | 2026-10-02 |
| 5 | NoDoz. Drug Facts label, NoDoz caplets. | nodoz.com | 2026-10-02 |
| 5 | Red Bull. How much caffeine is in a can of Red Bull Energy Drink? Q&A page, US site. | Internet Archive capture | 2026-10-02 |
| 5 | Starbucks Coffee Company. Espresso, product 410, nutrition by size. | starbucks.com | 2026-10-02 |
| 5 | Starbucks Coffee Company. Medium Roast, Pike Place Roast, product 480, nutrition by size. | starbucks.com | 2026-10-02 |
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